DEFINE JAUNDICE AND ITS TYPE AND SYMPTOMS

It is a symptom common to many diseases of liver and biliary & duct.It consist of a yellow pigment called bilirubin which is produce from the excess distribution of RBC in this there is yellow pigmentation of skin,nails, conjuctiva & other body tissue.It results due to increase bilirubin level in blood.Normally it is excreted through urine & stools and gives yellow red colour stools at yellow colour to urine.In jaundice this is nor excreted from body and make the stool chocky whites urine and dark yellow and brown colour.
                                  Normal bilirubin level in blood is 2-8 mg/litre.In jaundice this levels exceeds beyond 20mg/dl of blood plasma.If person is having 8-20 mg/dl plasma bilirubin level.The person is said to be in sub clinical jaundice.This symptoms does not occur or appear physically there is biochemical sign.

                                TYPES OF JAUNDICE
1)Hemolytic jaundice
2)Hepate cellular jaundice
3)obstructive jaundice

 SYMPTOMS-
1)Lessitude
2)Weakness
3)Fatigue
4)fever
5)Anoroxia
6)Weight loss
7)Abdominal Pain
8)Nausea
9)Vomitting
10)Flatulance


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DEFINE DIARRHOEA AND ITS TYPES AND ITS FACTORS

Diarrhoea is the passsage of stools with increased frequency volume to the usual normal routine.It occurs  due to abnormally rapid passage of food along the alimentary canal from (mouth to anus.) and preventing complete digestion & absorption.

VOLUME-
The total quantity & water content of the faeces is increase and there is indigested food in the stool.

FREQUENCY-
The number of stools may vary from several per day every few minute the affected individual or a patient become weak &malnourished.In children there mental & physical development may be affected .Diarrhoea is neglected due to excess loss of water & electrolytes from the body& this may prove dangerous to infant & young children.
                                                     Diarrhoea  is not a disease by itself but it is a symptom of an underline disease or infection.

DYSENTERY-
If the watery stool passes by blood & mucous it is called dysentery.
There are 3 types of diarrhoea-
1) ACUTE DIARRHOEA
 2)CHRONIC DIARRHOEA
3)WEANING DIARRHOEA

ACUTE DIARRHOEA-
It is characterised by sudden onset & frequent passage of watery &informed stool.The patient may pass several stools in an hour.

SYMPTOMS-
1) Abdominal pain
2) Cramps
3) Weakness& Vomitting
It last for 24-48 hours but there is a danger of dehydration,Replacement of electrolytes are more important & the nutritional requirement is secondary.

CHRONIC DIARRHOEA-
It is long   lasting or long term diarrhoea due to non infectious causes such as senstivity to gluten or inheartant metabolic disorder.Patients may defecate 4-5 times/day the rapid passsage of food to intestine does not allow proper time for apsorption.

FACTORS-

1) Malabsorption syndrome ( Like celeac disease, lactose intolerance)
2)Metabolic diseases (Like diabetes,urameia .
3)Chronic alcoholism(Colon cancer lost  irradiation of colon & small intestine)
4)Liver cirrhosis-( Prolong intake of lexatives)

WEANLING  DIARRHOEA- In this diarrhoea dysentery that develop in infants when weanling food is introduce its a  transition period  ( breast feed with mixed diet) The babies digestion may not be ready or poor handling of food & food intolerance may cause diarrhoea.

SYMPTOMS-
1)Dehydration
2) Weakness
3)Slow pulse rate
4) Abdominal pain
5) Cramps
6) Fever
7) Loss out put of urine



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FOLIC ACID ROLE IN PREGNANCY AND ITS BENEFITS

  
Folic acid is a pregnancy  Taking a prenatal vitamin with the recommended 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid before and during pregnancy can help prevent birth defects of your baby's brain and spinal cord. Take it every day and rest of  the   bowl  of fortified cereal, too.Folic acid                                          Birth defects occur within the first 3-4 weeks of pregnancy. So it's important to have folic acid in your system during those early stages when your baby's brain and spinal cord are developing.

If you talked to your doctor when you were trying to conceive, she probably told you to start taking a prenatal vitamin with folic acid. One study showed that women who took folic acid for at least a year before getting pregnant cut their chances of delivering early by 50% or more.
The CDC recommends that you start taking folic acid every day for at least a month before you become pregnant, and every day while you are pregnant. However, the CDC also recommends that all women of child be Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is normally found in foods such as dried beans, peas, lentils, oranges, whole-wheat products, liver, asparagus, beets, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and spinach. Folic acid helps your body produce and maintain new cells, and also helps prevent changes to DNA that may lead to cancer .aring age take folic acid every day. So you'd be fine to start taking it even earlier.Good Food Sources of Folic Acid:-

Foods that can help you get more folic acid in your diet include:

400 mg: Breakfast cerealsfortified with 100% of the DV, 3/4 cup
215 mg: Beef liver, cooked, braised, 3 oz
179 mg: Lentils, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, 1/2 cup
115 mg: Spinach, frozen, cooked, boiled, 1/2 cup
110 mg: Egg noodles, enriched, cooked, 1/2 cup
100 mg: Breakfast cereals, fortified with 25% of the DV, 3/4 cup
90 mg: Great Northern beans, boiled, 1/2 cup

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Healthy Oats | Healthy Diet | Healthy You

Oats are among the healthiest grains on earth.



They're a gluten-free whole grain and a great source of important vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants.



Studies show that oats and oatmeal have many health benefits.



These include weight loss, lower blood sugar levels and a reduced risk of heart disease.



Here are 9 evidence-based health benefits of eating oats and oatmeal.



What are oats and oatmeal?



Oats are awhole-grain food, known scientifically asavena sativa.



Oat groats, the most intact and whole form of oats, take a long time to cook. For this reason, most people prefer rolled, crushed or steel-cut oats.



Instant (quick) oats are the most highly processed variety. While they take the shortest time to cook, the texture may be mushy.



Oats are commonly eaten for breakfast as oatmeal, which is made by boiling oats in water or milk. Oatmeal is often referred to as porridge.



They're also often included in muffins, granola bars, cookies and other baked goods.



Bottom line:oats are a whole grain that is commonly eaten for breakfast as oatmeal (porridge).



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Fiber in Your Diet

Fiber, also known as roughage, is the part of plant-based foods (grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and beans) that the body can't break down. It passes through the body undigested, keeping your digestive system clean and healthy, easing bowel movements, and flushing cholesterol and harmful carcinogens out of the body.



Fiber comes in two varieties: insoluble and soluble.



Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water. It is the bulky fiber that helps to prevent constipation, and is found in whole grains, wheat cereals, and vegetables such as carrots, celery, and tomatoes.

Soluble fiber dissolves in water and helps control blood sugar levels and reduce cholesterol. Good sources include barley, oatmeal, beans, nuts, and fruits such as apples, berries, citrus fruits, and pears.

Many foods contain both soluble and insoluble fiber. In general, the more natural and unprocessed the food, the higher it is in fiber. There is no fiber in meat, dairy, or sugar. Refined or white foods, such as white bread, white rice, and pastries, have had all or most of their fiber removed.



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DEFINE VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Vitamins and Minerals - vitamins are organic substances (made by plants or animals), Minerals are inorganic elements that come from the soil and water and are absorbed by plants or eaten by animals. Your body needs larger amounts of some minerals, such as calcium, to grow and stay healthy vitamins...
Vitamins and minerals are considered essential nutrients—because acting in concert, they perform hundreds of roles in the body. They help shore up bones, heal wounds, and bolster your immune system. They also convert food into energy, and repair cellular damage

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Define Polypeptides

Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the fatty acid synthases. They comprise a large number of secondary metabolites and natural products from animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and have great structural diversity. Many polyketides are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and/or other processes. Many commonly used anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as erythromycins, tetracyclines, avermectins, and antitumor epothilones.

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